はい、それは可能です。最も簡単な例は
var body = document.getElemetsByTagName('body')[0];
body.innerHTML = 'destroyed';
ページ全体を削除し、代わりに「destroyed」と書くだけです。あなたの例に戻るために:同じようにそれを置き換えることが可能<
です:
var body = document.getElemetsByTagName('body')[0];
body.innerHTML = body.innerHTML.replace('<','some other character');
such "extreme" cases are very unlikely to happen by accident, but it's absolutely possible (particularly for inexperienced javascript-developers) to break things on a site that usually shouldn't be affected by javascript.
note that this will only mess op the displayed page in the clients browser and doesn't change your html-file on the server in any way. just find and remove/fix the "bad" lines of code and everything is fine again.