私が書いた、あなたのニーズにより近いものをお見せしましょう。
    private Button button;
    private Dictionary<string, Image> images = new Dictionary<string, Image>();
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
        InitializeTableLayoutPanel();
        AssignClickEvent();
        InitializeDictionary();
    }
    private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Create Buttons for all Cells in the TableLayouPanel
    /// </summary>
    private void InitializeTableLayoutPanel()
    {         
        for (int i = 0; i < tableLayoutPanel.ColumnCount; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < tableLayoutPanel.RowCount; j++)
            {
                button = new Button();
                button.Visible = true;
                button.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
                tableLayoutPanel.Controls.Add(button, i, j);
            }
        }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Assign a Click event of all Buttons in the TableLayoutPanel
    /// </summary>
    private void AssignClickEvent()
    {
        foreach (Control c in tableLayoutPanel.Controls.OfType<Button>())
        { 
            c.Click += new EventHandler(OnClick);
        }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Handle the Click event
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="sender">Button</param>
    /// <param name="e">Click</param>
    private void OnClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        Button button = sender as Button;
        button.Visible = false;
        int column = tableLayoutPanel.GetPositionFromControl(button).Column;
        int row = tableLayoutPanel.GetPositionFromControl(button).Row;
        InitializePictureBox(column, row);
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Create the PictureBox 
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="column">TableLayoutPanel Column</param>
    /// <param name="row">TableLayoutPanel Row</param>
    private void InitializePictureBox(int column, int row)
    {
        PictureBox box = new PictureBox();
        box.Dock = DockStyle.Fill;
        string key = string.Format("{0}{1}", column.ToString(), row.ToString());
        box.Image = GetImageFromDictionary(key);
        tableLayoutPanel.Controls.Add(box, column, row);           
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Get an Image from the Dictionary by Key
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="key">the calling cell by combined column and row</param>
    /// <returns>Image</returns>
    private Image GetImageFromDictionary(string key)
    {
        return images.Where(x => x.Key == key).Select(x => x.Value).Cast<Image>().SingleOrDefault();             
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Add Bitmaps to the Dictionary
    /// </summary>
    private void InitializeDictionary()
    {
        string key = string.Empty;
        for (int i = 0; i < tableLayoutPanel.ColumnCount; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < tableLayoutPanel.RowCount; j++)
            {
                key = string.Format("{0}", i.ToString() + j.ToString());
                Image image = CreateBitmap();
                images.Add(key, image);
            }
        }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// Create Bitmaps for the Dictionary
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>Bitmap</returns>
    private Bitmap CreateBitmap()
    {
        System.Drawing.Bitmap image = new Bitmap(button.Width, button.Height);
        for (int x = 0; x < image.Width; x++)
        {
            for (int y = 0; y < image.Height; y++)
            {
                image.SetPixel(x, y, Color.Red);
            }
        }
        return image;
    }
クリック前:

クリック後:

デザイナーによって列と行を作成したことに注意してください。ただし、プログラムで作成することは特別なことではないと思います。
次のステップは何ですか?
- さまざまな色の写真を作成する
- プログラムでパネルの列と行を作成する
- 個々の設定をセットアップして、より柔軟に構築します
これが少し役立つことを願っています。