From node.js documentation:
By default, the parent will wait for the detached child to exit. To prevent the parent from waiting for a given child, use the child.unref() method, and the parent's event loop will not include the child in its reference count.
When using the detached option to start a long-running process, the process will not stay running in the background unless it is provided with a stdio configuration that is not connected to the parent. If the parent's stdio is inherited, the child will remain attached to the controlling terminal.
You need to modify your code something like this:
#!/usr/bin/node
var fs = require('fs');
var out = fs.openSync('./out.log', 'a');
var err = fs.openSync('./out.log', 'a');
var cp = require('child_process');
var MANFILE='ALengthyNodeManual.pdf';
var child = cp.spawn('gnome-open', [MANFILE], { detached: true, stdio: [ 'ignore', out, err ] });
child.unref();