When asking for more detail, one is informed that you are asking for too much detail and since this is agile, the requirement will become clearer later during the sprint (2 week sprint) and you should not worry about the detail just then, but rather to just give the story a weight in "doll hairs" and stop being difficult. Be a big picture guy. Don't worry about the detail.
Not really. User stories capture the essence but this doesn't mean no details. Details are transmitted during conversation and are definitely mandatory for a good understanding of what has to be done (not even mentioning that it seems hard to estimate anything if you don't know what to do and what is expected).
Communicating details about stories is actually a part of the job of the Product Owner (PO). This should occur during the first part of the Sprint planning meeting where the PO explains each stories to the team, before the planning poker and/or at anytime if any clarification is required. In other words, feel free to ask the PO for details (and ask the PO for the acceptance criteria too). And if there is too much uncertainty, put a big estimate in front of the story and explain why you can't make a "better" estimate.
To me, your PO/customer/stakeholders don't seem to participate very actively and this is a big, very BIG impediment. Your ScrumMaster needs to take care of this, there is no magical solution.