このプログラムを GHC でコンパイルする場合:
import Control.Monad
f x = let
g y = let
h z = liftM not x
in h 0
in g 0
エラーが表示されます:
test.hs:5:21:
Could not deduce (m ~ m1)
from the context (Monad m)
bound by the inferred type of f :: Monad m => m Bool -> m Bool
at test.hs:(3,1)-(7,8)
or from (m Bool ~ m1 Bool, Monad m1)
bound by the inferred type of
h :: (m Bool ~ m1 Bool, Monad m1) => t1 -> m1 Bool
at test.hs:5:5-21
`m' is a rigid type variable bound by
the inferred type of f :: Monad m => m Bool -> m Bool
at test.hs:3:1
`m1' is a rigid type variable bound by
the inferred type of
h :: (m Bool ~ m1 Bool, Monad m1) => t1 -> m1 Bool
at test.hs:5:5
Expected type: m1 Bool
Actual type: m Bool
In the second argument of `liftM', namely `x'
In the expression: liftM not x
In an equation for `h': h z = liftM not x
なんで?f
また、 ( )に明示的な型シグネチャを指定f :: Monad m => m Bool -> m Bool
すると、エラーが消えます。f
しかし、これは、エラー メッセージによると、Haskell が自動的に推測する型とまったく同じ型です!