値が数値では'%'
なく文字列 (したがって) として格納されているようです。
それらを数値として比較し、同時に範囲を実行する方法は次のとおりです。
SELECT (case when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 10 then '<10'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 50 then '10-50'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 100 then '50-100'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) > 100 then '>100'
end) as range,
COUNT(*)
WHERE Dept_NAME = 'sales'
GROUP BY (case when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 10 then '<10'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 50 then '10-50'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) <= 100 then '50-100'
when cast(replace(PERCENTAGE_USED, '%', '') as float) > 100 then '>100'
end);