の概念をSystem.Object
、原則としてすべてのクラスが実装するインターフェースに置き換えることができるという考えは、この質問で何度か言及されています。その考えは正しいと思いますが、結局のところ、それはあなたに何の利益ももたらさないと言えます。そのようなインターフェースが存在したとしても、クラスがそれらのインターフェースを実装したことをコンパイラが実際にどのように保証するかという問題は依然として残ります。
System.Object
以下は、型が存在しない架空の状況と、内部での実装とそれらのインターフェイスの使用法がどのように見えるかを調べようとするサンプル コードです。
// let's start off by defining interfaces to describe the various methods that are currently available from the System.Object class
public interface IEquatable
{
bool Equals(IEquatable other);
}
public interface IHashCodeGenerator
{
int GetHashCode();
}
public interface ITypeIdentifiable
{
Type GetType();
}
public interface IConvertibleToString
{
string ToString();
}
// This guy throws a wrench into things, because we can't privately (or "protectedly") implement an interface.
// This is discussed further below on the MyClass.MemberwiseClone method.
public interface IMemberwiseCloneable
{
}
// This class simply encapsulates similar functionality found within the System.Object class
public static class ClrInternals
{
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
internal static extern bool Equals(IEquatable objA, IEquatable objB);
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
internal static extern int GetHashCode(IHashCodeGenerator hashGenerator);
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
internal static extern Type GetType(ITypeIdentifiable typedInstance);
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)]
internal static extern IMemberwiseCloneable MemberwiseClone(IMemberwiseCloneable original);
}
// let's say that as a rule the compiler implicitly makes all classes implement these interfaces
class MyClassExampleA : IEquatable, IHashCodeGenerator, ITypeIdentifiable, IConvertibleToString, IMemberwiseCloneable
{
// The compiler also implicitly makes all classes implement the interfaces with the following code (unless otherwise specified)
#region IEquatable Members
public bool Equals(IEquatable other)
{
// let's suppose that this is equivalent to the current implementation of Object.Equals
return ClrInternals.Equals(this, other);
}
#endregion
#region IHashCodeGenerator Members
public int GetHashCode()
{
// let's suppose that this is equivalent to the current implementation of Object.GetHashCode
return ClrInternals.GetHashCode(this);
}
#endregion
#region ITypeIdentifiable Members
public Type GetType()
{
// let's suppose that this is equivalent to the current implementation of Object.GetType
return ClrInternals.GetType(this);
}
#endregion
#region IConvertibleToString Members
public string ToString()
{
// let's suppose that this is equivalent to the current implementation of Object.ToString
return this.GetType().ToString();
}
#endregion
// this one is perhaps a little goofy, since it doesn't satisfy any interface
// In order to be equivalent to the current Object.MemberwiseClone implementation, I've made this protected,
// but we cannot have a protected method that implements an interface, so this throws a wrench into things.
protected MyClassExampleA MemberwiseClone()
{
// let's suppose that this is equivalent ot the current implementation of Object.MemberwiseClone
return (MyClassExampleA)ClrInternals.MemberwiseClone(this);
}
// ** All of the above code is just a representation of the implicit semantics that the compiler/CLR applies to a class. Perhaps this code is not actually generated by the compiler for each class (that would be a lot of duplication!), but rather the CLR might handle this logic internally
}
// Ok, so now I'm implementing a general Stack class
public class Stack
{
// what type should I use for the parameter?
// I have five different interfaces to choose from that I know all classes implement, but which one should I pick?
public void Push(type??? item)
{
// ...
}
// what type should I use for the return type?
// I have five interfaces to choose from, but if I return one,
// then my caller can't utilize the methods defined in the other interfaces without casting.
// I know all classes implement all five interfaces, but is it possible that my Stack might also contain non-class objects that don't implement all interfaces? In that case it might be dangerous for the caller to cast the return value from one interface to another.
public type??? Pop()
{
// ...
}
// In C++ I could have used void* or defined the Stack class as a template
}
// moving on...
class StackUtilizer
{
// here I try to utilize the Stack class
public void UseStack(Stack stack)
{
// what type should I use for the variable to hold the result of the Stack.Pop method?
type??? item = stack.Pop();
// if I use IEquatable
IEquatable item1 = stack.Pop();
IEquatable item2 = stack.Pop();
item1.Equals(item2); // then I can do this
Type itemType = item1.GetType(); // but I can't do this
string s = item1.ToString(); // nor can I do this
// Ok, this calls for another interface that composes all of these other interfaces into one
}
}
// let's define a single interface that pulls all of these other interfaces together
public interface IObject : IEquatable, IHashCodeGenerator, ITypeIdentifiable, IConvertibleToString, IMemberwiseCloneable
{
// no need to define any methods on this interface. The purpose of this interface is merely to consolidate all of these other basic interfaces together.
}
// now we change the compiler rule to say that all classes implicitly implement the IObject interface
class MyClassExampleB : IObject
{
// ... <refer to MyClassExampleA for the implicit implementation of the interfaces>
}
// now let's try implementing that Stack class again
public class Stack
{
// I know that all classes implement the IObject interface, so it is an acceptable type to use as a parameter
public void Push(IObject item)
{
// ...
}
// again, since all classes implement IObject, I can use it as the return type
public IObject Pop()
{
// ...
throw new NotImplementedException("This is an example. The implementation of this method is irrelevant.");
}
}
class StackUtilizer
{
// here I try to utilize the Stack class
public void UseStack(Stack stack)
{
// now I can just use IObject for my variables holding the return value of the Stack.Pop method
IObject item = stack.Pop();
// if I use IObject
IObject item1 = stack.Pop();
IObject item2 = stack.Pop();
item1.Equals(item2); // then I can do this
Type itemType = item1.GetType(); // and I can do this
string s = item1.ToString(); // and I can do this
}
}
したがって、最終的には、現在の System.Object クラスに似た IObject インターフェイスが残っています。未解決の問題は、コンパイラ/CLR が、すべてのクラスが IObject インターフェイスを実装するというルールを適用する方法です。次の 3 つのアプローチが考えられます。
- コンパイラは各クラスの暗黙的なインターフェイスの実装を生成しますが、これにより多くの重複が発生します。
- CLR は、コンパイラが各クラスのコードを実際に生成する必要のない特別な方法で、これらのインターフェイスの実装を処理します。
- インターフェイスを実装する基本クラスを定義します
Object
(おなじみのように聞こえますか?)。IObject
ルールを変更して、すべてのクラスが暗黙的に継承するようにしますObject
(これはまさに現在のものですが、インターフェイスはありません)。